• The domestic terror attack on June 17 in Charleston, South Carolina is a tragic reminder that not every terrorist carries a black flag, though they all carry the ideology of hate

• Unlike hierarchical organized groups such as the Islamic State, violent racist extremists in the U.S. move about a much looser network after decades of infiltration by law enforcement; ideology binds individual actors and small groups to a common hateful cause

• Similar in intent if not scale to the Islamic State and al-Qaeda, ultra-racist extremists use social media and violent music to spread their ideology of hate, division, and exclusion

• As with jihadist groups, ultra-racist groups invest heavily in mythical origin stories and believe in the corruptive power of ethnic and religious diversity.