The current relative wave of domestic extremism has been dismissed as a temporary side-effect of the the economic crisis. It is argued in this study, the phenomenon of extremism in Europe in its current form is new, therefore it cannot be understood in terms of the ’68 far-left extremism or of the far-right Nazi movement of the ’30s. The main reasons for that are the level of constitutional freedoms and rights European countries guarantee to their citizens (that organized extremist groups are turning to their advantage), af?uent European societies (meaning also that extremist elements themselves have the necessary resources to operate) and, lastly, the establishment of the internet making information freely available, but also serving as a communications tool much more effective than anything in human history. This report describes many aspects of the phenomenon that in the past few years both produced spectacular attacks – from the Hungarian and German serial killer cells to Anders Breivik – but was also heavily involved in distorting the mainstream political process and did achieve at least partial success in some key policy areas (immigration and Roma inclusion most evidently).,