This report assesses the impact of the military-led response to extremist violence on PATA’s security, society and economy. It identifies measures to strengthen the state’s writ and to reverse the tide of religious militancy. It is based on extensive field research, including interviews with police officials, lawyers, human rights activists, NGO workers, journalists and other stakeholders across PATA, including Chitral, Upper Dir, Lower Dir and Swat, as well as in KPK’s provincial capital Peshawar and the federal capital, Islamabad. Given the sensitivity of the information, some names of those interviewed and of interview sites have been withheld or changed.